European countries sought a new sea route to India to bypass the overland silk routes controlled by hostile powers and to trade directly for valuable spices and textiles.

Gandhiji adopted methods such as Satyagraha (insistence on truth), peaceful protests, boycotts of British goods, and civil disobedience to fight against injustice without violence.

Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah waged the Battle of Plassey against the British East India Company due to their misuse of trade privileges, the fortification of Calcutta without his permission, and their interference in his administration.

The British became a growing power in India by winning key battles like Plassey and Buxar, exploiting the lack of unity among Indian rulers, and establishing the East India Company's administrative and military control.

The immediate cause was the introduction of the Enfield rifle, whose cartridges were rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat, which offended the religious sentiments of both Hindu and Muslim sepoys.

Key leaders included Bahadur Shah Zafar, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, Begum Hazrat Mahal, and Kunwar Singh.

Gandhiji undertook the Dandi March to protest against the unfair salt tax imposed by the British government and to break the salt law by producing salt from seawater.

The mass agitation launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, starting with the Salt Satyagraha, where people refused to obey unjust British laws, is called the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The movement involved boycotting foreign-made goods (especially British textiles), promoting Indian-made products (Swadeshi), and burning foreign clothes in public bonfires to encourage self-reliance.

The Indian National Army (INA) or Azad Hind Fauj was primarily raised and reorganized by Subhash Chandra Bose to fight against British rule in India.